Biology Lab Report on the Effects of Photosynthesis Essays

Science Lab Report on the Effects of Photosynthesis Essays Science Lab Report on the Effects of Photosynthesis Paper Science Lab Report on the Effects of Photosynthesis Paper Exposition Topic: Photograph Blend Proposition Vitality (TAP), at first as glucose (macroeconomics) is later outfitted by buildup response into starch (polysaccharide). These alpha glucose units are joined together by glycoside bonds. Starch is shaped after the Calvin Cycle in the Stoma. Carbon dioxide is available noticeable all around and the water is picked up from precipitation or morning dew. The water is separated in photosynthesis I (sourcing undetectable light of Mann) by photolysis. This procedure sets free electrons and helps close the pattern of the light needy stage. Be that as it may, before this procedure can be set off, an angle in vitality must be accomplished. The most vitality is picked up in the initial segment of the light needy stage (which makes the slope) of photosynthesis II, sourcing in obvious light of Mann. There are 5 significant necessities for photosynthesis to happen: 1) A temperature in the earth between 5 35 degree Celsius, 2) Chlorophyll accessible in chloroplasts, 3) Water, 4) Carbon dioxide and 5) Light of ideal force. In the event that any of these variables are missing, photosynthesis can't happen. Materials required Materials list Geranium, begonia, or impatiens plants (altogether green leaves), coleus with flooded leaves (green and white hued), hot plates and high temp water shower, Logos iodine arrangement in dropper bottles, 250-ml recepticles, 100-ml measuring utencils, tongs, forceps, Petri dishes, glass-stamping pencil, 70% liquor Method PART I Effects Of Light And Dark On Starch Formation The leaves utilized for Part I are totally green. A couple of these leaves have been altogether and halfway secured with dark paper two days before the lab. At that point the plant was presented to acceptable light during the day. 1 . With a glass-checking pencil, name one 250-ml measuring utencil light, and mark another 250-ml container dim. Half-fill the two recepticles with water. Spot a revealed leaf to light, and both a totally secured and a semi-shrouded leaf in obscurity, in the properly stamped containers. Spot the measuring glasses on the hot plate, carry the water to bubbling, and heat up the leaves 5 minutes. 2. While the leaves are bubbling, utilize another hot plate to set up a heated water shower. Name one 100-ml container light, and one dull. Half-fill each with 70% liquor. With forceps or tongs, expel the bubbled leaves from the water and move each to the properly stamped littler measuring glass. Spot both 100-ml measuring glasses in the bubbling water shower. Carry the liquor to bubbling, and bubble tenderly until all the chlorophyll in the leaves has broken up in the liquor. 3. While the leaves are bubbling, mark one Petri dish lighting another dull. At the point when the leaves have lost their chlorophyll, utilize the forceps to move each to the effectively checked Petri dish. 4. Tenderly spread out the leaves in the Petri dishes. Include drops of Logos iodine answer for each leaf until iodine has come into contact with the whole leaf. 5. Wash all china completely. Dry the table top with a paper towel PART II Effect Of Chlorophyll On Starch Formation The plants utilized in Part II have been presented to brilliant light. You will test their leaves for starch, as you did in Part l. One leaf will be all green, and the other will be halfway green and incompletely white (variegated). 1. Rehash Steps 1 through 4 of Part I utilizing one all-green leaf, and one green-and-white leaf. Name the recepticles and Petri dishes G for the green leaf and G W for the green and white leaf. A. Prior to heating up the green and white leaf, make a drawing of it, indicating the conveyance of chlorophyll. Name the drawing variegated Leaf b. Watch the shading changes that happen when Logos arrangement is put on the . Subsequent to testing for starch, draw the two leaves and show the appropriation of starch. Spot the right title under each leaf. Information Collection and Data Analysis Sketch 1 Sketch 2 Analysis In Sketch 1 the light presented leaf appeared to have delivered more starch than the secured leaf. Truth be told the secured leaf didn't show any dim purple shading whatsoever. Sketch 2 show the variegated leaf, before being gone through the lab systems, green and white are obviously recognizable. In the wake of having rewarded the green and the variegated leaf (sketch 2) certain zones of the variegated leaf showed the nearness of starch. The shading occurred uniquely on the green parts, the white ones appeared to be unaffected. Question answer 1. In Part l, for what reason did you test leaves that had been presented to light just as those that had been uninformed? Those leaves in obscurity were not presented to any light, along these lines additionally didnt have any photosynthesis happening. This will make a complexity towards the light uncovered leaf and will help envision the job of chlorophyll. 2. In Part II, for what reason did you test leaves that were all green just as leaves that were part green and part white? Since chlorophyll includes a leaf, we needed to see f likewis e some of it was available in the white zones of a leaf. This WOUld bolster the suspicion that chlorophyll is green. 3. From the aftereffects of Part l, what would you be able to close about the connection between introduction to light and the nearness of starch in leaves? The leaves presented to light had photosynthesis happening, creating glucose particles which would be changed into starch. Placing this into connection to the secured/obscured leaves that didnt turn dim purple subsequent to having dropped the iodine on it prompts the end that starch is possibly shaped when the leaf is presented to eight. 4. From the aftereffects of Part II, what would you be able to finish up about the connection between the nearness of chlorophyll and the nearness of starch in leaves? The Iodine arrangement was dropped on both of the leaves. The green leave had dull purple specks on top of it, demonstrating the capacity of starch. The variegated leave just had dim purple shading on the green lines, the white stripes didn't demonstrate any starch stockpiling. 5. Two fundamental suppositions of the two tests acted in this movement are 1) that the nearness of starch demonstrates that photosynthesis has happened, and ) that the nonappearance of starch shows that no photosynthesis has happened. Are these presumptions logically legitimate? State why or not. They appear to be experimentally substantial, in light of the fact that tests have been led upon the issue with coming about data to either bolster or discredit the speculation. For this situation we have accumulated proof that depends on clear thinking. End The proof increased through this trial bolsters the speculation. The Iodine assisted with confining the starch and recognize the variables contributing the vitality stockpiling of photosynthesis. We would now be able to express that photosynthesis just happens during light introduction and starch is just delivered on regions where chlorophyll is available.

Four Seasons Goes To Paris Case Study Tourism Essay

Four Seasons Goes To Paris Case Study Tourism Essay One of the universes driving administrators of lavish lodgings, Four Seasons, redesigned George V and worked it as Four Seasons Hotel George V Paris in 1999, which is its first property in France. George V was opened in 1928 and since that has been a milestone which is situated in the Triangle dOr (brilliant triangle). In Four Seasons Goes to Paris contextual investigation shows how Four Seasons built up the assorted variety and adjusted to French market, with the Four Seasons remarkable norms. The motivation behind this report is to dissect how Four Seasons, a Canadian organization adjusted the enormous social contrast, additionally to have the option to apply and clarify the administration standards distinguished for the situation study and the administration techniques in todays reality. Besides, by seeing how the administration adjust to turn into the French manager and what the organization guiding principle were executed in Four Seasons group, so as to know how the administration hang out in this procedure. At long last, contrasting with Four Seasons long stretches of the board in Paris how does the ebb and flow inside and outer condition influence the directors to be progressively pioneering. Social mindfulness, Adaptation and Management Changes Social mindfulness can be thought of as disguised attitudinally bits of knowledge about those regular understandings held by bunches that direct the transcendent qualities, mentalities, convictions and standpoints of the person. (Adler, 1986:31) Four Seasons opened its first property in Paris and it was a colossal test for the administration to go into the neighborhood. As indicated by the contextual analysis, French is described by social scientists as having Polychromic Culture, which implies they consider the significance of human connections and they favor building lifetime connections. In actuality, Americans are significantly more agreeable to grow momentary connections. French do various assignments simultaneously normally, yet their consideration can be removed without any problem. Also, the administration clarified that there is just a staggering pride in being French and the French have an exceptionally enthusiastic method of getting things done. They can't keep the norms and don't regard the Golden guidelines as it is excessively American just as changing plans regularly in light of the fact that their choices some of the time are unusual and not founded on any reasons. For the administration needs to change in accordance with the French guidelines particularly in the process of giving birth strategy in regards to the staff working hours and conditions. David Crowl, noticed that every inn is customized and adjusted to its national condition. Four Seasons have taken in across outskirts from various nations and properties, attempting to join the local components inside the property. Richey, the leader of Richey International, which was employed to review administration quality and he felt that Four Seasons adjusted to the nearby market effectively from a structure point of view at the primary spot. Additionally they comprehend the national mannerisms, business culture and work laws so as to turn into a French manager. In addition, Four Seasons employed Didier Le Calvez to be the General Manager of George V. He had 25 years working experience outside France and he obtained persistence and resistance to set up the inn opening. Four Seasons had allocated a 35-man team which made out of experienced Four Seasons staff to help Le Calvez and his groups, to be Four Seasonize just as ensuring that the initial will be succeed. It assists with setting up standards, perspectives and convictions by mirroring the working needs and is a decent route for imparting the correct data to all staff. Likewise, the administration executed the 35-hour week's worth of work at George V so as to meet the soul of French law. Additionally, beginning direct line meeting for General Manager with administrators, bosses and representatives in gatherings of 30 once every month, so as to advance correspondence and address the issues. It is significant for staff to know about various national and authoritative culture since the board is a procedure of organizing work exercises with the administration abilities so as to finish the work productively and adequately with and through individuals. (Robbins and Decenzo, 2008) It empowers to function admirably with others both in a gathering and exclusively, as accommodation is a people industry and about connection with individuals from various culture, language and convictions, correspondence can be improved by creating and understanding the social mindfulness Besides, a fruitful administration for now ought to have the option to be adaptable, make moral workplaces and show enterprising aptitudes when confronting the changes. As we are not no different and everybody is remarkable, we need to perceive the similitudes and contrasts of every individual us, so as to accomplish a similar objective for the organization. Imparting the Core esteems into the group Basic beliefs are operatingâ philosophies orâ principlesâ that direct an associations inner lead just as itsâ relationshipâ with the outer world. (businessdictionary.com, 2010) Â It is significant for partners of the association since it is a presentation guide and explanation of what conduct and disposition ought to be performed. As per Sharp, author and CEO of Four Seasons, he referenced that the purpose behind their prosperity is no mystery. It boils down to one single rule that rises above time and geology, religion and culture. Its the Golden Rule the basic thought that on the off chance that you treat individuals well, the manner in which you might want to be dealt with, they will do likewise. (Fourseasons.com, 2010) Sharp underscored that The Golden Rule is the way in to the accomplishment of the firm. It isn't just a positive conviction that offers reliably outstanding assistance and only for you to the visitors, yet additionally is a screen to the workers and assists with molding connections between the visitors and staff. Base on the Golden Rule, the administration needs to stand apart by coordinating the exercises of others in the organization with the elements of the executives, which is a procedure have by and large been consolidated to the essential four: arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling (Robbins and Decenzo, 2008:7) Arranging It is a procedure to set up a general methodology for accomplishing the objective of association and assists with reminding the staff what is the most significant. (Robbins and Decenzo, 2008). The administration referenced the Four Seasons is a family and finishes with rules, conventions and strong but fair affection. So as to give reliably outstanding just to you, the Golden Rule was set up to manage the family. The conduct of all staff over the world were required to follow the seven Four Seasons Service Culture Standards (Refers to Appendix I), Departmental Sample Core Standards and Four Seasons Goals, Beliefs and Principles. (http://www.fourseasons.com/about_us/service_culture) They are the establishment of the hierarchical objectives and it shapes the connections among staff and visitors, just as improves the administration culture. Sorting out Structure of the Organization The obligation of the senior supervisor is regulating the everyday tasks of the property and the local administration structure of the organization (Refers to Appendix II) is the most significant of its capacity to keep up and convey the most noteworthy and most steady assistance gauges in a financially savvy way. Recruit the correct individual with right disposition Four Seasons is attempting to glimpse somewhere within the candidates in the choice procedure as far as finding the potential workers with right mentality. Allude to Frederick Taylor, the dad of logical administration accepted that expanded productivity could be accomplished by choosing the correct individuals for the activity and preparing them to do it definitely in the one most ideal way. Recruit the perfect individual with right mentality and appropriate preparing, expanding the quality of the property, yet in addition controlling connection among info and yield so as to limit the asset costs. Driving At the point when directors propel representatives, direct the exercises of others, select the best correspondence channel, or resolve clashes among individuals, they are driving. (Robbins and Decenzo, 2008:8) Le Calvez, did a few projects for inspiration, for example, the solicitation to the representatives and their families for an open occasion around three times each year, so as to separate the hindrances and help them the enjoyableness to remember working. Moreover, accomplishment was commended by propelling worker of-the-month and representative of-the-year projects to let the staff comprehend the acknowledgment and the work represents them. Controlling The essential controlling procedure is the obligation regarding checking, looking at and remedying. (Robbins and Decenzo, 2008) The administration of Four Seasons recruited both outer and interior examiners to review and assess the administration quality. It is extremely fundamental in light of the fact that the gauges of Four Seasons are the establishment for every one of our properties and it depends on which we work as per a ranking director noted. In this manner, the top supervisory group accumulates each morning for reflection and audits so as to go over the errors, which have been done amateurish and contrasting with the companys objective and administration gauges, at that point recognize and address the issue for development. How does Current Internal and External Environment influence administrators to turn out to be progressively innovative Contrasted with the time of Four Seasons the board, it is significant for the ebb and flow supervisors to be increasingly inventive and innovative, just as adaptable so as to get enterprising to both change and adjust the changes. Current Internal Environment Analysis The board Change Le Calvez worked with Four Seasons for a long time and 8 years General Manager and Vice President in George V, he joined Shangri-La in 2007. He was credited for the remodel and his initiative while confronting the adjustment and difficulties. As I would see it, it affected the work inspiration of

Life Abroad Classes

Life Abroad Classes So I know when most people think of going abroad, the actual “study” aspect of study abroad might not feel like a top priority. In the months leading up to my departure, I grew more and more excited about meeting new people, exploring Asia, and taking my Insta-game to the next level … but I never expected to enjoy my classes as much as I am right now. As nerdy as it sounds, I’m actually okay with spending my Friday afternoons in lecture! The quality of teaching at HKUST is blowing my mind, and even though I’m only taking three classes here, I feel like I’m learning a lot. My Negotiations class is one of the most popular classes at HKUST, and I was lucky to even get a spot because the waitlist had around 100 people! I get to practice negotiating against my classmates, and I’ve been picking up all sorts of life skills, like how to negotiate a salary. What I found the most surprising is that  quite often,  negotiating has to do with creating win-win outcomes. I thought I’d be challenged to become tougher or more intimidating in my negotiation style,  but a lot of what I’ve learned relates to  becoming  a better listener, asking good questions, and being more creative in my thought process. Expectation: source: imgur Reality: source: tenor I’m also taking a class called Deal Making in Asia and Emerging Markets. Every lecture  is centered around a case on a specific negotiation or deal that occurred in Asia. The best part? Our professor worked on every single one of these deals. It’s amazing being able to learn from his firsthand experiences, and while it’s probably my most challenging course, it’s totally worth it because I get a unique perspective on how business works in Asia. Finally, I’m taking a class called Chronicles of Internet Commerceâ€"it’s all about how e-commerce companies have evolved over time and where they’re headed in the future. I’m enjoying it because it’s a bit slower paced and it counts towards my Information Technology degree, so that’s an added bonus. Apart from the courses I’m taking at HKUST, I’m also enrolled in two online courses through Illinois, and it’s really nice to have that flexibility. If any of you are thinking of going abroad, I’d encourage you to take a closer look at the course lists for each partner University when you’re doing your research. Believe it or not, the “study” part can be just as engaging as the “abroad” part! Ria Class of 2018 I'm studying both Finance and Information Systems and Information Technology in the Gies College of Business. I’m from Los Altos, California.

The Controversial Issue Of Legalizing Physician Assisted...

Introduction The topic of legalizing Physician-assisted suicide (PAS) has long been a controversial issue in Canada and has recently received increased attention. In 1993, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled the provisions of the Criminal Code prohibiting assisted suicide. Two decades later, the Supreme Court of Canada began to deliberate whether to uphold or strike down the law prohibiting doctor-assisted suicide. On October 15th (What is the year), the nine justices of the Supreme Court heard impassioned pleas for overturning Canada’s absolute prohibition against assisted suicide, with proponents arguing laws that consider the act equivalent to murder are a violation of personal autonomy and infringe the Charter of Rights and Freedom that provides for â€Å"life, liberty and security of the person† (Connor, 2014). The hearing sparked fresh debates across the country. Opponents argue that legalizing physician-assisted suicide would lead society down a dangerous slippery slope that l eads to involuntary euthanasia and the killing of people who are thought undesirable. In addition, opponents argue that legalizing physician-assisted suicide gives too much power to doctors and it may reduce the availability of palliative care. The aim of this paper is to make a comprehensive argument in favor of physician-assisted suicide. Physician-Assisted suicide Euthanasia Physician-assisted suicide occurs for any situation where doctors use drugs or other methods to aid their patients in anShow MoreRelatedEssay On Physician Assisted Suicide1549 Words   |  7 PagesWriting Project Worksheet 1. This paper will examine the Washington state policy of physician-assisted suicide. 2. State Info: (characteristics, size, culture, political culture, industries, features, etc. to explain state support of policy) Washington is a state in the northwestern United States with an estimated population of 7,288,000, as of July 1, 2016. Washington’s population is primarily white at 69% (not including Hispanics), with Hispanics comprising 12.4%, Asians 8.6%, and African AmericansRead More Dutch vs. American Euthanasia Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesDutch vs. American Euthanasia      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Dutch take their euthanasia seriously. The Dutch government has resubmitted its proposal for formally legalizing assisted suicide and euthanasia, while modifying its controversial provision allowing euthanasia for children. When first proposed to Parliament over a year ago, the bill allowed for cases where children from 12 to 16 years old could request and receive euthanasia against the wishes of their parents. The modified proposal still allows childRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of physician-assisted suicide has become very controversial because of the ethical questions. The physical state of health of the patient, the patient’s personal life, and even the financial pressure of the patient are all factors to consider when contemplating whether or not to legalize this controversial cause of death. Physician-assisted suicide regarding medical ethics states that a physician cannot legally give any patient a lethal injection to end their life, but they can take theRead MoreShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legalized?1426 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician assisted suicide is also known as assisted suicide. It is a very controversial procedure. It is not favored by many. However, in present day society is little bit inclined towards assisted suicide. There is ongoing debate on the legalization of assisted suicide. The main reason to oppose of assisted suicide is the fear of mistreatment of the patient, abuse of power and so on. In contrary, many see assisted suicide as a way to decrease pain in the end of life. Read MoreLegalizing Assistive Suicide1278 Words   |  5 PagesAssistive suicide, also known as euthanasia, â€Å"is suicide committed by someone with assistance from others, typically to end suffering from a severe physical illness† (American Heritage Dictionary, 615). This action is most commonly committed between doctor and patient interactions. This controversial issue depicts suicides as a helpful solution to personally benefit terminally ill patients, as opposed to a forbidden social issue. Assistive suicide has become a major debate of legalization. â€Å"ThisRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide918 Words   |  4 Pagesallows terminally ill patients to end their lives with the assistance of a physician. According to the legislature, patients who seek assisted-death must only have six months to live and are required to submit a written request as well as two oral requests at least 15 days apart. (Reilly). While Gov. Jerry Brown still has yet to approve this new law, the act has shed light on the topic of euthanasia/physician-assisted suicide. With the pending status of the law, the question remains on whether or notRead MoreShould Die And Die?1214 Words   |  5 Pagesof murder in the first degree because he helped a patient kill himself. The issue of The Right to Die is so controversial because due to people s different opinions about whether or not someone can kill themselves almost 10,000 people wanting to kill themselves each year but only around 3,800 carried out (Wolf). Legalizing assisted suicide was introduced when a patient wanted to kill himself but Legalizing assisted suicide would have drastic public policy implications. The question whether some citizensRead MoreEthical Considerations in Dealing with Changes in the Healthcare System929 Words   |  4 PagesA topic of consideration that creates controversial discussion is the subject of physician-assisted suicide. Physician-assisted suicide is described as the act in which a physician provides the means necessary for the client to perform the act of suicide. The issue of physician-assisted suicide is viewed through many different perspectives. The topic of physician-assisted suicide has been debated since the development of medicine. Physician-assisted suicide was first legalized in the United StatesRead MoreAssisted Suicide : Rights And Responsibilities1570 Words   |  7 PagesAssisted Suicide: Rights and Responsibilities A woman suffering from cancer became the first person known to die under the law on physician-assisted suicide in the state of Oregon when she took a lethal dose of drugs in March, 1998. The Oregon Death with Dignity Act passed a referendum in November, 1997, and it has been the United States only law legalizing assisted suicide since then. According to the New England Journal of Medicine, more than 4,000 doctors have approved of the assisted suicideRead MorePAS: The Right of Each Patient1624 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the state of Oregon that currently has a regulated physician assisted suicide program for the terminally ill, I am writing to you today, Mr. Blumenauer, to possibly convince you to draft a national law to legalize PAS for the United States specifically for the terminally ill. As you may know, the talk within this issue has been going around quite some time. Many americans fear that by legalizing PAS that it might create problematic issues that could lead to abuse as w ell as lack of advancement

Child Abuse Effects - 1443 Words

The consequences of child abuse can be devastating. For over 30 years clinicians have described the effects of child abuse and neglect on the physical, psychological, cognitive, and behavioral development of children. Studies show that most child abuse is usually liked with domestic violence. The consequences of child abuse are: ââ€"  Physical consequences range from minor injuries, to severe brain damage and even death. ââ€"  Psychological consequences range from chronic low self-esteem to severe dissociative states. ââ€"  The cognitive effects of child abuse range from attentional problems and learning disorders to severe organic brain syndromes. ââ€"  Behaviorally the consequences of abuse range from poor peer relations all the way to extra ordinarily†¦show more content†¦Physical abuse in infants and young children can lead to brain dysfunction and sometimes death. Most fatality victims of abuse and neglect are under age 5. In 1991, an estimated 1,383 children died from abuse or neglect; 64 percent of these deaths, were attributed to abuse and 36 percent to neglect. A child does not need to be struck on the head to sustain brain injuries. Studies have indicated that infants who are shaken vigorously by the extremities or shoulders may sustain intracranial and intrasellar bleeding with no sign of external head trauma. Thus, early neglectful and physically abusive practices have devastating consequences for their small victims. Even after diagnosis and treatment the psychological consequences of emotional abuse persist. Study shows that young children who experience psychological abuse are often defiant and hostile . Often when children go through psychological abuse they start miss behaving and start acting out and become very hard to control. Children often act out when they don’t understand what is going on or why things are happening. A lot of times they do it for attention. Even though it is negative attention to them it doesn’t matter they crave the attention because they don’t get it very often. Early studies of physically abused children documented significant neuromotor handicaps, including central nervous system damage, physical defects,Show MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Its Effects On The Child1110 Words   |  5 Pages2012, state child protective agencies received approximately 3.4 million referrals, involving an estimated 6.3 million children, alleging abuse or neglect (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Based on investigations, states reported that an estimated 678,810 unique children were victims of abuse or neglect in 2012, resulting in a na tional victimization rate of 9.2 per 1,000 children per the population (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Child abuse can have lastingRead MoreEffects of Child Abuse658 Words   |  3 PagesChild abuse Child abuse has gone down in recent years. There is a statistic that says in 2012 that 1 in every 100 children was abused in the U.S (Iannelli,). Child abuse isn’t only physical it could be emotional or neglect. Another thing about child abuse is that it could affect the child’s academics. Because of all the stress that they endure carries on into their school life. A lot of people who have been abused as a child it usually doesn’t stop affecting them as kids it usually carries on intoRead MoreEffects of child abuse2236 Words   |  9 Pages The Impact of Child Abuse In the typical classroom, a 4-year-old child once said, â€Å"If someone wants to have sex with you, you have to do it.† (Rafanello) Child abuse is more prevalent now than ever, and the numbers are only growing. This shows us that child abuse is more relevant now than ever. The amount of damage inflicted on these children mentally range from mild to extreme. This is why it’s important that child abuse gets reported as soon as possible. Did you know that 3.2 million childrenRead MoreThe Effects Of Abuse And Child Abuse2622 Words   |  11 Pagessquad, after finding three young children dead in their bed after their mother had killed them. (Qtd. In Juettner 12). Abuse doesn’t just affect children, it affects adults too. While many cases of abuse are reported, there are still many that go unreported. Abuse and child abuse is not something to be taken lightly, even after the abuse has been stopped there are long lasting effects. Could you imagine being abused by someone you thought loved or cared about you? According to dictionary.com, the definitionRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Abuse On Child Abuse980 Words   |  4 Pagesthe war against child abuse since the first case of child abuse in 1874 that included a child being beaten and chained against her will (Meadows, 2014). Many people hear the words child abuse and think of physical abuse. While, many people are correct in thinking of physical abuse, an â⠂¬Å"Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE)† study done by the CDC shows that although physical abuse is the leading form of child abuse, emotional or psychological abuse is the second leading form of child abuse (2014). AlthoughRead MoreThe Effects of Child Abuse596 Words   |  2 PagesChild abuse is more than just hurtful and physical contact. It is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse is noticeable there are many other types of abuse that kids may be experiencing such as physical abuse, psychological abuse, sexual abuse , and neglecting . Although some of these May be very different from the others they all have one thing in common; they will all leave a long lasting scar. Child abuse is something that should be tried to be prevented at all times. It seemsRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals corrected. However, there are cases that have not been solved or not stopped by the law. Child abuse is common. Child abuse can be caused by a variety of reasons. Scientist have been studying and they have some ideas on what prompt people to harm children (Ian Hacking). They are trying to end child abuse, but there is so much they can do. Many children abuse incidents are not reported. Child abuse may have many causes as in way the abuser does it. One specific factor is the background of theRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children935 Words   |  4 PagesChild abuse has been an issue in America since the beginning of time, but lately there has gradually been an increase in reported incidents of abuse. There are several types of child abuse that are present in today’s society. The different types of abuse include physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Of the different maltreatment types, four-fifths (78.3%) of unique victims were neglected, 17.6 percent were physically abused, 9.2 percent were sexually abused, 8.1 percent were psychologically maltreatedRead MoreChild Abuse And I ts Effects On Children913 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral types of abuse, there’s physical, emotional, verbal and several others abuses. But the abuse I would like to focus on is child abuse. Domestic violence towards children is important because there is a way to prevent it from happening. Typical parents and caregivers do not intend to abuse their children. Abuse is mainly directed toward the behaviors that are given off towards one another. Author David Gil defines child abuse as an occurrence where a caretaker injures a child, not by accidentRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Society1342 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse. How does one decide what constitutes abuse? Is there a thin line between abuse and discipline? We often hear the horrific stories of child abuse in our communities, but are we as a society so used to hearing these stories that we have become desensitized to them? Child abuse is a prevalent thing in communities and often time the victims are suffering in silence. We, as a society, have a bad habit of â€Å"turning our heads the other way† or â€Å"not wanting to get involved.† The mentality of

Swot Poland Free Essays

SWOT analysis for wine in Poland This module assists exporters and BSOs in developing countries in becoming familiar with the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for a wine exporter planning to target the Polish market. It also helps DC exporters to make a SWOT analysis, specific to their company. A SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis helps you to audit your company in relation to market developments and competitors on selected markets. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Poland or any similar topic only for you Order Now The SWOT shown below visualises external aspects (opportunities and threats) on the Polish market and internal aspects (strengths and weaknesses) of your company, both affecting your market entry. You are only in control of internal elements. You can adapt and improve their intrinsic quality according to market trends, and the resulting opportunities and threats, in your target markets. In Figure 1 you can find a SWOT analysis for a DC exporter of wine to Poland. Note that this analysis is generalised, and should be used only as an example. The CBI Export Marketing Planner (available at http://www. cbi. eu) offers tools to help you make the SWOT analysis specific to your company and your target market. Firstly, the 5Ms methodology helps you audit your company on the basis of five variables; Men (human resources), Means (resources), Methods (management and process performance), Machines, and Measurables (marketing impact, customer and employee satisfaction, qualitative certifications). Secondly, you can apply the value chain approach to analyse all value-addition activities of your company. Identifying external factors is done through a market audit. The character of all these elements is that they are beyond your control. You cannot influence them. The market dictates the rules of the global play you are about to enter. The key question here is: can you deal with the market trends? Do the trends offer you chances or challenges for export success? Together with the competitor analysis, it will determine your decision on final market selection and market entry strategy. CBI modules on your product (group) offer a lot of information on market developments, threats and opportunities. The third tool offered by the Export Marketing Planner is the STEEP methodology. This is a comprehensive method for identifying opportunities and threats related to Socio-cultural factors, Technological factors (barriers), Economic factors, Environmental factors and Political factors related to trade. Source: CBI Market Information Database †¢ URL: www. cbi. eu †¢ Contact: marketinfo@cbi. eu †¢ www. cbi. eu/disclaimer SWOT analysis for wine in Poland Figure 1 SWOT analysis for wine to the Poland SWOT: DC EXPORTER OF WINE TO POLAND STRENGTHS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Availability of cheap land and raw materials Favourable climate Larger production volume Innovative character of wine compared to Old World wines Competitive price Availability of low-cost human resources Unique grape varieties †¢ †¢ WEAKNESSES Transportation costs Lack of (access to) capital (investment/working) and export insurance Lack of access to market intelligence Lack of export/management experience Lack of Quality Assurance Systems Lack of entrepreneurial capacity Lack of tacit knowledge †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ OPPORTUNITIES †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A new wine market with expanding possibilities and un-established tastes Expanding market share of table wine The domination of cheap wine can make entry for some DC exporters easier Low import tariffs Emergence of small independent importers dealing with small volumes of wine Increased capacity for bulk imports (for producers of large quantities) Local producer networks; sharing of knowledge â₠¬ ¢ THREATS Dominance of semi-dry and sweet wines can limit distributors focusing on dryer varieties High volume requirements by importing hypermarkets, which lay a dominant role in Poland DCs face competition from each other Cultural and language differences EU quality assurance and legislative requirements difficult for DC producers (e. g. adding sugar) Trust in Eastern European brands due to tradition Preference for cheap table wine as a threat to market integration of more premium wines †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ This survey was compiled for CBI by ProFound – Advisers In Development in cooperation with Theo Jansen Disclaimer CBI market information tools: http://www. cbi. eu/disclaimer Source: CBI Market Information Database †¢ URL: www. cbi. eu †¢ Contact: marketinfo@cbi. eu †¢ www. cbi. eu/disclaimer How to cite Swot Poland, Papers

Variances between Expected Value and the Actual Value

Question: Discusses why it is important to make variance analyses, and how to conduct such analyses in a manufacturing company? Answer: A variance is the difference between the expected value and the actual value. Therefore, variance analysis helps in identifying and determining the cause for the gap between the actual value (and the budgeted or planned value. The variance analysis can be applied to the operational and financial figures. On the other hand, Bush (2012) discusses how variance analysis can help in taking control of the rising expenses of the particular projects by tracking the actual costs and planned costs. This type of analysis can assist the company managers in tracking the issues of trends, threats and opportunities relating to either long-term or short-term benefits. Apart from that, variance analysis can be effectively employed in the manufacturing industry. In order to carry variance analysis in context to production costs of the manufacturer, the managers of the company have to take into account the standard costs relating to input that have been arisen from the manufacturing of the actual produ cts, produced by the company (MacFarland, 2012). Further, the actual costs relating to input that have been used for the manufacture of actual products can be evaluated. For instance, a manufacturing industry manufactures 20000 units of products but the standard of the company indicates that the company should have spent $50000 on materials but the company used about $58000 worth of materials instead. Therefore, the resulting adverse variance has to be assessed by the company. Moreover, the common analysis of variance segregates the $8000 into the variance of quantity and variance of price (Scarborough and Bennett, 2012). Therefore, the quantity variance will help the company to identify the level of input used in the production. On the other hand, price variance can be effective for the company in order to know how much the company has paid for each level of input. Apart from that, Bush (2012) pointed that cost benefit approach is useful in assessing the costs and benefits that may be related to production. The approach assists in comparing the various costs so that the respective benefits can be generated (Rouwendal, 2012). The approach is quietly related with the variance analysis which helps in analyzing the difference in the costs. Therefore, the companys staff may need to find out the relevant costs of the product which are associated with it then the monetary value has to be assigned to the costs and to the benefits (Scarborough and Bennett, 2012). The manufacturing company can decide to compare the derived costs and gained benefits from the production. Thus, the cost-benefit approach is as important as understanding the variance analysis. References Bush, B. (2012). Variance analysis of wind and natural gas generation under different market structures. Golden, Colo.: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. MacFarland, T. (2012). Two-way analysis of variance. New York, NY: Springer. Rouwendal, J. (2012). Indirect Effects in Cost-Benefit Analysis.Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 3(1). Scarborough, H. and Bennett, J. (2012). Cost-benefit analysis and distributional preferences. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

The New World free essay sample

The idea of a glorious earthly paradise far from the known world had existed in the European imagination long before 1492. That idea of a distant paradise on earth shaped the way Europeans came to think of America after Columbus and his successors reported their discoveries. For example, the following mythic lands may have served as inspirations for the alluring idea of America as a place of joy, ease, riches, and regeneration: a. the Garden of the Hesperides of Greek myth b. the Elysian Fields described by the poet Homer c. the Islands of the Blessed, described by Hesiod, Horace, and Pindar d. Atlantis, described by Plato in the Timaeus and the Critias e. the Garden of Eden f. the Fortunate Isles, described in the Voyage of St. Brendan (ninth century) g. the enchanted gardens of Renaissance literature Columbus’s discovery of America has been described as â€Å"perhaps the most important event recorded in secular history. We will write a custom essay sample on The New World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † On the other hand, it has been pointed out that had Columbus not discovered America, it would soon have been discovered by some other explorer. Edmundo O’Gorman, in The Invention of America (1961), asserted that America was not discovered but was invented by Europeans in the 16th and following centuries. The contrary idea of America as a place of degenerated plants, animals, and humans was also held by Europeans long before it was set forth by the French naturalist Buffon (1707–1788) in the early volumes of his Natural History (1749–1804). Thomas Jefferson made effective reply in his Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), but remnants of the idea continued to persist in the European popular mind. Modern readers are often surprised to learn of Columbus’s never-ending insistence, even in the face of contrary evidence, that he had reached the coast of Asia, not a new continent. That mistaken certainty was in large part caused by his faith in faulty calculations showing the earth’s circumference to be about 18,000 rather than 25,000 miles. The ancient geographer Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth with nearly perfect accuracy in the third century BCE. But Columbus, as did the best navigators of his time, relied on charts based on measurements made by the second-century-CE astronomer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus). The calculation of the earth’s circumference presented in Ptolemy’s Guide to Geography (published, in Latin, in 1409) was off by more than 25 percent. Had the calculation been accurate, Columbus would have been correct in assuming that after sailing west for 33 days, he had indeed reached the Orient. Columbus’s writing style is spare and unornamented. In contrast, the letters (the first published in 1504) of Amerigo Vespucci, reporting his voyages to the New World from 1497 to 1504 (he claimed four,historians credit him with two), were filled with vivid and titillating details describing the new land and its inhabitants. As a result, Vespucci’s reports received greater attention throughout Europe than the reports (as distinct from the discovery itself) of Columbus. Because of Vespucci’s renown and because of his real accomplishments, the German geographer Martin Waldseemuller, in making his influential map of the new continent (1507), applied the name â€Å"America† to South America. Eventually, through popular usage, â€Å"America† came to be used for the North America as well. Vespucci’s voyage of 1501–1502 (under the flag of Portugal) along the coast of South America was the first extended exploration of the coast of the New World and the first to show clearly that the new lands were not a part of Asia but a new continent. That discovery is said by Vespucci’s partisans to justify naming the new continent America. Nevertheless, Vespucci has been vilified as a braggart and a windbag. Doubt has been cast on his accomplishments, although in recent decades they have in part been verified and shown to be substantial. Columbus’s first letter was printed and published in nine versions in 1493, and by 1500 it had appeared in nearly twenty editions. Yet his reports did not inspire the immediate outpouring of writing, personal and public, on the New World that might be expected. Indeed, from the last decades of the fifteenth century to the beginning decades of the seventeenth century, â€Å"four times as many books were devoted to the Turks and Asia as to America, and the proportion of books on Asia actually increased in the final decade† of that period (J. H. Elliot, The Old World and the New [1992] 12). When Columbus died in Vallodolid, Spain, in 1506, his death went unrecorded in the city chronicle. His fall to obscurity was in part caused by the fact that he was overbearing and irascible, creating many enemies. In addition,  the stories of his failures and his greed as a colonial administrator diminished him in the eyes of his contemporaries, further discouraging the celebration of his name in poems, romances, dramas, and histories. Columbus had failed to produce the expected supply of riches. He had failed to provide his voyages with effective chroniclers who could glorify his achievements, and he had no ability to effectively glorify himself in his written reports. Nor was he associated with a singular dramatic achievement—such as the conquest of the Aztec empire that raised Cortes to the stature of an epic hero. In the sixth century BC the Greek mathematician Pythagoras declared that the earth is a sphere. By the fifteenth century AD that fact was believed by the vast majority of educated Europeans. Yet a longstanding myth holds that Columbus was almost alone in believing that the earth is a sphere and for that belief suffered the ridicule of his learned contemporaries. The myth survives today, preserved in popular histories, tales, and even in popular song lyrics that proclaim: â€Å"They all laughed at Christopher Columbus /When he said the world was round. † In reporting that he was the first to see a light in the distance, on the night of October 11, before the actual sighting of land on October 12, Columbus appears to claim that he was the first to see the Indies. Note also Columbus’s solicitation of support for further exploration, his offering, if â€Å"their highnesses will render very slight assistance,† to provide gold, spice, cotton, mastic, â€Å"aloe-wood,† and â€Å"slaves, as many as they shall order to be shipped.   The explorers and conquerors of the New World in large measure based their justifications (stated or implied) for conquest on a  the cultural superiority of the conquerors; b. the physical and mental inferiority of the conquered; c. the backwardness of the Americans’ culture and technical development; d. the obligation and the ability of the intruders to make better use of the land and its resources; e. the duty to bring Christianity to the heathen. Columbus does not use all such justifications. Note his report that the Indians are â€Å"of a very acute intelligence. † Modern critics of Columbus assert that his treatment of the Indians showed a disregard for their natural rights. But the popular idea that individuals have natural rights (much less â€Å"unalienable† natural rights) did not arise for several centuries. Columbus took possession of the newly discovered land â€Å"by proclamation made and with royal standard unfurled. † His act was not a dramatic gesture meant to awe the natives but a formal step (compare the flag planting by the American astronauts on the moon in 1969) to establish, according to the international law of the day, that the lands and their inhabitants were now the possessions of Spain and subject to Spanish authority. Having taken formal and legal possession of the land and its inhabitants for Spain, Columbus assumed that he, as a royal official, was therefore justified in capturing six Indians and returning them as exhibits to the Spanish king and queen, just as a royal official could order the lives of men and women in Spain itself. Because he believed that he had landed in the Indies, Columbus used the word â€Å"Indians† to describe the people he saw. In recent years the word has been attacked as inaccurate and demeaning, although Columbus did not intend it to be so. The substitute â€Å"Native American† has been advanced, and is the most widely preferred term. The term â€Å"Siberian American† has been offered in its place as a more accurate term, but it is seen as derisive by some and remains unpopular. Columbus reported of the Indians, â€Å"With 50 [European] men all of them could be held in subjection and can be made to do whatever one might wish. † Columbus was wrong. The attempt to coerce and enslave the men and women of the New World eventually failed. Yet the alluring idea of forcing native inhabitants to work for their conquerors long endured. For instance, John Smith reports of North American native inhabitants that they could be brought â€Å"all in subjection† and exploited by â€Å"forty or thirty† Englishmen. Discovery narratives traditionally report on the technical backwardness of the people of the discovered lands. In Columbus’s age the lack of technical development and the absence of metals such as iron and steel were taken as signs of primitive inferiority. In later ages, especially after the rise of the idea of the Noble Savage, a lack of technical achievement was taken as a sign of virtuous simplicity, of a life free of the dominance of the machine and the technological horrors that accompany it. Columbus describes the technical ignorance of the inhabitants and their unfamiliarity with metal-edged weapons: â€Å"I showed them swords and they took them by the edge and through ignorance cut themselves. † Compare John Smith’s report of the Indians’ fear of gunpowder and firearms their amazement at the movements of a compass needle. The technical ignorance of a reportedly benighted people has often been and is still used to justify their subjugation and colonization by a technically superior culture that asserts its right to conquer, usually because it can â€Å"make better use of the land. † In addition, there was recourse to the religious justification for colonization—the argument that Christians have the right and the duty to lead (by force if necessary) those living in spiritual darkness into the light of religious truth and to the blessings of heaven. The religious justification is offered as a benefit to the pagans themselves. The technological argument is not. Rather its end is the fruitful exploitation of the land and its natural resources for the colonizers. But even the technological argument for exploiting the land has its biblical justification in the declarations that the land exists for the benefit of man, who therefore has an obligation to exploit and â€Å"subdue† it (Genesis 1:28). That Columbus was a sincere believer in Christianity is not in doubt. His devout faith is evident inthe names he gave the first islands he encountered in the New World: San Salvador and Isla de Santa Maria de Concepcion. Yet his religious motives for colonizing the lands he discovered have sometimes been dismissed as a disguise for his true motives: greed for gold and desire to extract riches from the land. The desire for religious conversions and for gold is evident in almost all the early narratives of New World discovery. Columbus hoped to bring Christianity to the heathen by establishing the religion of Spain in the new lands. He had no desire to promote religious liberty and would have strongly resisted the idea. John Smith similarly believed that the English lands in North America should be colonized under the protection of an established church—the Church of England. It is worthwhile to compare the views of Columbus and Smith to the views of the Pilgrims and the Puritans who wished to escape what they believed to be an oppressive established church—though they themselves then demonstrated an oppressive narrowness with respect to departures from the confines of their views. Notice the appearance in Columbus’s reports of themes later apparent in American literature: a. America as a land suited to Christian evangelism and the ultimate coming of â€Å"the church triumphant† b. America as a paradise of exotic landscape and people and of simple and innocent life c. America as a place for economic, political, and spiritual opportunity and personal fulfillment. THOMAS HARIOT Thomas Hariot was among the first British explorers to arrive in the New World. Unlike Columbus, he was at least as much a scientist as an explorer. He was particularly interested in astronomy, optics, and the study of mathematics. Hariot’s A Briefe and True Report of the Newfound Land of Virginia gives perspectives on the New World that differ from Columbus’s in accordance with his intellectual interests, as well as his nationality and the part of the world (Virginia, as opposed to the West Indies) that he visited. The third, and final, part of his report, presented in the anthology, offers another view of the inhabitants of the newly discovered land. JOHN SMITH John Smith has been described as the author of â€Å"the first English book written in America† (for his A True Relation of Occurrences and Accidents in Virginia [1608]), and his work is seen as a forerunner of a native, American literature. Smith’s accounts are also an early example of New World writing that emphasizes human qualities commonly thought to be typically American. Note his references to a. Practicality; b. Boastfulness; c. dislike of showy elegance; d. desire to exploit the environment. Smith’s description of New England combines two images of the New World that were current in Europe in the seventeenth century: a  the image of America as a paradise, a voluptuous land of easy riches b. the image of America as a land that would reward those showing the Protestant virtues of enterprise and willingness to work hard. The first image draws upon ancient myths that describe gardens of ease, joy, and eternal life. The second derives from the ideals of the capitalist middle class that rose to power with the end of feudalism in Europe. A third image, of America as a New Jerusalem, as a place for religious salvation, is not evident in Smith’s writings. Consider the rise to prominence of that third image after 1630 and the coming of the Puritans to Massachusetts Bay. Note how Smith writes of the visible, material world—describing plants, animals, and men—rather than the immaterial, speculative world of philosophy and theology. Smith assumed that the New World is for man’s exploitation, for his physical enjoyment, and for his earthly fulfillment—an assumption at odds with the Puritans’ view of the New World as a place of spiritual testing and of preparation for a fulfillment to be achieved only in heaven. Smith is often contrasted to the Puritans (and the Pilgrims), but there are these similarities: a. Both saw America as a place where individual men and women could escape from Old-World restraints and traditions. b. Both celebrated the possibility of communal, as well as individual regeneration in the lands claimed by England in the New World. c. Both condemned luxury and emphasized the virtues of hard work, abstinence, and enterprise. d. And both saw a life of ease and luxury as a sign of decay that portends inevitable destruction. Smith made no mention of religious freedom as a reason for colonizing. His own motives for colonizing (and what he believed to be the prime motives of others) were secular and materialistic: â€Å"For I am not so simple as to think that ever any other motive than wealth will ever erect there a commonwealth. † General History and his Description of New England are propaganda for colonization as much as they are descriptions of the New World. That is evident in the number and the variety of advantages he cites for colonization: a. profits for investors—†satisfaction of the adventurers† b  markets for English manufacturers—a letter survives, written by Smith to the London Society of Cordwainers (shoemakers) to point out that the Cordwainers, in their own self-interest, should support the settlement of Virginia because the rough land and the shell-strewn beaches of the New World were certain to wear out many shoes c. glory for the colonizers and their monarch—†eternizing of the memory† d. abundant raw materials, especially timber and naval stores (â€Å"pitch, tar, masts, yards†) e. good health for colonists—†not any was sick but two† f. riches (especially from fish)  freedom from harsh landlords, from law-breaking multitudes, from â€Å"tedious pleas in law† h. abundance of land. Who can desire more content† i. the bringing of â€Å"poor savages to know Christ and humanity† j. work for the poor, the idle, orphans, apprentices, and their masters k. sport for gentlemen—†For gentlemen: what exercise† Until the settling of Jamestown, English colonizing efforts in the New World were conspicuous for their failure. The only colonies that England had successfully established before Jamestown and Plymouth were colonies planted in Ireland. Some of the essentials for colonizing success set forth by Smith in A Description of New England (â€Å"provided always that first there be †): a. potent local government b. housing c. means of self-defense d. adequate provisions e. trained craftsmen Many reasons have been offered to explain why the Jamestown colonists failed to exert themselves sufficiently in establishing their colony: a. that too many of the colonists were â€Å"ne’er-do-wells† and gentlemen who were unused to hard work b. That the colonists were weakened by hunger and disease c. that the â€Å"communal basis† of the settlement discouraged individual enterprise   that many of the early colonizing reports, especially those written by the Spanish colonizers, encouraged the expectation that riches would be quickly found and profits quickly earned, that the â€Å"naturals† could be forced to supply the colonists with food, and that therefore diligent labor was unnecessary e. that the colonists expected their needs to be met by their London backers Note that none of the above explanations suggests that the English colonists, lacking government support such as the Spanish enjoyed, failed because their attempt to colonize Virginia at that time and place was simply beyond their abilities. Smith attributed the difficulties at Jamestown to dissension, weak government, lack of organization, and mistaken attempts by a central governing body (in London) to exert control at long distance. Such problems of government and society arose partly from human characteristics that later came to be considered distinctly American: a. radical individualism b. disrespect for law and governments c. hostility toward distant, central governments. Contempt for traditions of rank, privilege, and authority Note how such characteristics were prominent among the causes of the American Revolution, 170 years later, and how those same characteristics win popular praise today. It is also notable that the American environment and its great distance from Europe prohibited the easy transfer to America of England’s a. feudal class structure; b. widespread belief in the worth of a noble class and an idle gentry; c. upper-class contempt for those in â€Å"trade† or whose jobs required hard, physical labor; d. high valuation of the contemplative, intellectual life. The New World free essay sample That idea of a distant paradise on earth shaped the way Europeans came to think of America after Columbus and his successors reported their discoveries. For example, the following mythic lands may have served as inspirations for the alluring idea of America as a place of joy, ease, riches, and regeneration: a. the Garden of the Hesperides of Greek myth b. the Elysian Fields described by the poet Homer c. the Islands of the Blessed, described by Hesiod, Horace, and Pindar d. Atlantis, described by Plato in the Timaeus and the Critias e. the Garden of Eden f. the Fortunate Isles, described in the Voyage of St. Brendan (ninth century) g. the enchanted gardens of Renaissance literature Columbus’s discovery of America has been described as â€Å"perhaps the most important event recorded in secular history. † On the other hand, it has been pointed out that had Columbus not discovered America, it would soon have been discovered by some other explorer. We will write a custom essay sample on The New World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Edmundo O’Gorman, in The Invention of America (1961), asserted that America was not discovered but was invented by Europeans in the 16th and following centuries. The contrary idea of America as a place of degenerated plants, animals, and humans was also held by Europeans long before it was set forth by the French naturalist Buffon (1707–1788) in the early volumes of his Natural History (1749–1804). Thomas Jefferson made effective reply in his Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), but remnants of the idea continued to persist in the European popular mind. Modern readers are often surprised to learn of Columbus’s never-ending insistence, even in the face of contrary evidence, that he had reached the coast of Asia, not a new continent. That mistaken certainty was in large part caused by his faith in faulty calculations showing the earth’s circumference to be about 18,000 rather than 25,000 miles. The ancient geographer Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth with nearly perfect accuracy in the third century BCE. But Columbus, as did the best navigators of his time, relied on charts based on measurements made by the second-century-CE astronomer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus). The calculation of the earth’s circumference presented in Ptolemy’s Guide to Geography (published, in Latin, in 1409) was off by more than 25 percent. Had the calculation been accurate, Columbus would have been correct in assuming that after sailing west for 33 days, he had indeed reached the Orient. Columbus’s writing style is spare and unornamented. In contrast, the letters (the first published in 1504) of Amerigo Vespucci, reporting his voyages to the New World from 1497 to 1504 (he claimed four,historians credit him with two), were filled with vivid and titillating details describing the new land and its inhabitants. As a result, Vespucci’s reports received greater attention throughout Europe than the reports (as distinct from the discovery itself) of Columbus. Because of Vespucci’s renown and because of his real accomplishments, the German geographer Martin Waldseemuller, in making his influential map of the new continent (1507), applied the name â€Å"America† to South America. Eventually, through popular usage, â€Å"America† came to be used for the North America as well. Vespucci’s voyage of 1501–1502 (under the flag of Portugal) along the coast of South America was the first extended exploration of the coast of the New World and the first to show clearly that the new lands were not a part of Asia but a new continent. That discovery is said by Vespucci’s partisans to justify naming the new continent America. Nevertheless, Vespucci has been vilified as a braggart and a windbag. Doubt has been cast on his accomplishments, although in recent decades they have in part been verified and shown to be substantial. Columbus’s first letter was printed and published in nine versions in 1493, and by 1500 it had appeared in nearly twenty editions. Yet his reports did not inspire the immediate outpouring of writing, personal and public, on the New World that might be expected. Indeed, from the last decades of the fifteenth century to the beginning decades of the seventeenth century, â€Å"four times as many books were devoted to the Turks and Asia as to America, and the proportion of books on Asia actually increased in the final decade† of that period (J. H. Elliot, The Old World and the New [1992] 12). When Columbus died in Vallodolid, Spain, in 1506, his death went unrecorded in the city chronicle. His fall to obscurity was in part caused by the fact that he was overbearing and irascible, creating many enemies. In addition,  the stories of his failures and his greed as a colonial administrator diminished him in the eyes of his contemporaries, further discouraging the celebration of his name in poems, romances, dramas, and histories. Columbus had failed to produce the expected supply of riches. He had failed to provide his voyages with effective chroniclers who could glorify his achievements, and he had no ability to effectively glorify himself in his written reports. Nor was he associated with a singular dramatic achievement—such as the conquest of the Aztec empire that raised Cortes to the stature of an epic hero. In the sixth century BC the Greek mathematician Pythagoras declared that the earth is a sphere. By the fifteenth century AD that fact was believed by the vast majority of educated Europeans. Yet a longstanding myth holds that Columbus was almost alone in believing that the earth is a sphere and for that belief suffered the ridicule of his learned contemporaries. The myth survives today, preserved in popular histories, tales, and even in popular song lyrics that proclaim: â€Å"They all laughed at Christopher Columbus /When he said the world was round. In reporting that he was the first to see a light in the distance, on the night of October 11, before the actual sighting of land on October 12, Columbus appears to claim that he was the first to see the Indies. Note also Columbus’s solicitation of support for further exploration, his offering, if â€Å"their highnesses will render very slight assistance,† to provide gold, spice, cotton, mastic, â€Å"aloe-wood,† and â€Å"slaves, as many as they shall order to be shipped. The explorers and conquerors of the New World in large measure based their justifications (stated or implied) for conquest on a.  the cultural superiority of the conquerors; b. the physical and mental inferiority of the conquered; c. the backwardness of the Americans’ culture and technical development; d. the obligation and the ability of the intruders to make better use of the land and its resources; e. the duty to bring Christianity to the heathen. Columbus does not use all such justifications. Note his report that the Indians are â€Å"of a very acute intelligence. † Modern critics of Columbus assert that his treatment of the Indians showed a disregard for their natural rights. But the popular idea that individuals have natural rights (much less â€Å"unalienable† natural rights) did not arise for several centuries. Columbus took possession of the newly discovered land â€Å"by proclamation made and with royal standard unfurled. † His act was not a dramatic gesture meant to awe the natives but a formal step (compare the flag planting by the American astronauts on the moon in 1969) to establish, according to the international law of the day, that the lands and their inhabitants were now the possessions of Spain and subject to Spanish authority. Having taken formal and legal possession of the land and its inhabitants for Spain, Columbus assumed that he, as a royal official, was therefore justified in capturing six Indians and returning them as exhibits to the Spanish king and queen, just as a royal official could order the lives of men and women in Spain itself. Because he believed that he had landed in the Indies, Columbus used the word â€Å"Indians† to describe the people he saw. In recent years the word has been attacked as inaccurate and demeaning, although Columbus did not intend it to be so. The substitute â€Å"Native American† has been advanced, and is the most widely preferred term. The term â€Å"Siberian American† has been offered in its place as a more accurate term, but it is seen as derisive by some and remains unpopular. Columbus reported of the Indians, â€Å"With 50 [European] men all of them could be held in subjection and can be made to do whatever one might wish. † Columbus was wrong. The attempt to coerce and enslave the men and women of the New World eventually failed. Yet the alluring idea of forcing native inhabitants to work for their conquerors long endured. For instance, John Smith reports of North American native inhabitants that they could be brought â€Å"all in subjection† and exploited by â€Å"forty or thirty† Englishmen. Discovery narratives traditionally report on the technical backwardness of the people of the discovered lands. In Columbus’s age the lack of technical development and the absence of metals such as iron and steel were taken as signs of primitive inferiority. In later ages, especially after the rise of the idea of the Noble Savage, a lack of technical achievement was taken as a sign of virtuous simplicity, of a life free of the dominance of the machine and the technological horrors that accompany it. Columbus describes the technical ignorance of the inhabitants and their unfamiliarity with metal-edged weapons: â€Å"I showed them swords and they took them by the edge and through ignorance cut themselves. † Compare John Smith’s report of the Indians’ fear of gunpowder and firearms their amazement at the movements of a compass needle. The technical ignorance of a reportedly benighted people has often been and is still used to justify their subjugation and colonization by a technically superior culture that asserts its right to conquer, usually because it can â€Å"make better use of the land. † In addition, there was recourse to the religious justification for colonization—the argument that Christians have the right and the duty to lead (by force if necessary) those living in spiritual darkness into the light of religious truth and to the blessings of heaven. The religious justification is offered as a benefit to the pagans themselves. The technological argument is not. Rather its end is the fruitful exploitation of the land and its natural resources for the colonizers. But even the technological argument for exploiting the land has its biblical justification in the declarations that the land exists for the benefit of man, who therefore has an obligation to exploit and â€Å"subdue† it (Genesis 1:28). That Columbus was a sincere believer in Christianity is not in doubt. His devout faith is evident inthe names he gave the first islands he encountered in the New World: San Salvador and Isla de Santa Maria de Concepcion. Yet his religious motives for colonizing the lands he discovered have sometimes been dismissed as a disguise for his true motives: greed for gold and desire to extract riches from the land. The desire for religious conversions and for gold is evident in almost all the early narratives of New World discovery. Columbus hoped to bring Christianity to the heathen by establishing the religion of Spain in the new lands. He had no desire to promote religious liberty and would have strongly resisted the idea. John Smith similarly believed that the English lands in North America should be colonized under the protection of an established church—the Church of England. It is worthwhile to compare the views of Columbus and Smith to the views of the Pilgrims and the Puritans who wished to escape what they believed to be an oppressive established church—though they themselves then demonstrated an oppressive narrowness with respect to departures from the confines of their views. Notice the appearance in Columbus’s reports of themes later apparent in American literature: a. America as a land suited to Christian evangelism and the ultimate coming of â€Å"the church triumphant† b. America as a paradise of exotic landscape and people and of simple and innocent life c. America as a place for economic, political, and spiritual opportunity and personal fulfillment. THOMAS HARIOT Thomas Hariot was among the first British explorers to arrive in the New World. Unlike Columbus, he was at least as much a scientist as an explorer. He was particularly interested in astronomy, optics, and the study of mathematics. Hariot’s A Briefe and True Report of the Newfound Land of Virginia gives perspectives on the New World that differ from Columbus’s in accordance with his intellectual interests, as well as his nationality and the part of the world (Virginia, as opposed to the West Indies) that he visited. The third, and final, part of his report, presented in the anthology, offers another view of the inhabitants of the newly discovered land. JOHN SMITH John Smith has been described as the author of â€Å"the first English book written in America† (for his A True Relation of Occurrences and Accidents in Virginia [1608]), and his work is seen as a forerunner of a native, American literature. Smith’s accounts are also an early example of New World writing that emphasizes human qualities commonly thought to be typically American. Note his references to a. Practicality; b. Boastfulness; c. dislike of showy elegance; d. desire to exploit the environment. Smith’s description of New England combines two images of the New World that were current in Europe in the seventeenth century: a.  the image of America as a paradise, a voluptuous land of easy riches b. the image of America as a land that would reward those showing the Protestant virtues of enterprise and willingness to work hard. The first image draws upon ancient myths that describe gardens of ease, joy, and eternal life. The second derives from the ideals of the capitalist middle class that rose to power with the end of feudalism in Europe. A third image, of America as a New Jerusalem, as a place for religious salvation, is not evident in Smith’s writings. Consider the rise to prominence of that third image after 1630 and the coming of the Puritans to Massachusetts Bay. Note how Smith writes of the visible, material world—describing plants, animals, and men—rather than the immaterial, speculative world of philosophy and theology. Smith assumed that the New World is for man’s exploitation, for his physical enjoyment, and for his earthly fulfillment—an assumption at odds with the Puritans’ view of the New World as a place of spiritual testing and of preparation for a fulfillment to be achieved only in heaven. Smith is often contrasted to the Puritans (and the Pilgrims), but there are these similarities: a. Both saw America as a place where individual men and women could escape from Old-World restraints and traditions. b. Both celebrated the possibility of communal, as well as individual regeneration in the lands claimed by England in the New World. c. Both condemned luxury and emphasized the virtues of hard work, abstinence, and enterprise. d. And both saw a life of ease and luxury as a sign of decay that portends inevitable destruction. Smith made no mention of religious freedom as a reason for colonizing. His own motives for colonizing (and what he believed to be the prime motives of others) were secular and materialistic: â€Å"For I am not so simple as to think that ever any other motive than wealth will ever erect there a commonwealth. † General History and his Description of New England are propaganda for colonization as much as they are descriptions of the New World. That is evident in the number and the variety of advantages he cites for colonization: a. profits for investors—†satisfaction of the adventurers†. Markets for English manufacturers—a letter survives, written by Smith to the London Society of Cordwainers (shoemakers) to point out that the Cordwainers, in their own self-interest, should support the settlement of Virginia because the rough land and the shell-strewn beaches of the New World were certain to wear out many shoes c. glory for the colonizers and their monarch—†eternizing of the memory† d. abundant raw materials, especially timber and naval stores. Some of the essentials for colonizing success set forth by Smith in A Description of New England (â€Å"provided always that first there be †): a. potent local government b. housing c. means of self-defense d. adequate provisions e. trained craftsmen Many reasons have been offered to explain why the Jamestown colonists failed to exert themselves sufficiently in establishing their colony: a. that too many of the colonists were â€Å"ne’er-do-wells† and gentlemen who were unused to hard work b. that the colonists were weakened by hunger and disease c. that the â€Å"communal basis† of the settlement discouraged individual enterprise. That many of the early colonizing reports, especially those written by the Spanish colonizers, encouraged the expectation that riches would be quickly found and profits quickly earned, that the â€Å"naturals† could be forced to supply the colonists with food, and that therefore diligent labor was unnecessary e. that the colonists expected their needs to be met by their London backers Note that none of the above explanations suggests that the English colonists, lacking government support such as the Spanish enjoyed, failed because their attempt to colonize Virginia at that time and place was simply beyond their abilities. Smith attributed the difficulties at Jamestown to dissension, weak government, lack of organization, and mistaken attempts by a central governing body (in London) to exert control at long distance. Such problems of government and society arose partly from human characteristics that later came to be considered distinctly American: a. radical individualism b. disrespect for law and governments c. hostility toward distant, central governments d. Contempt for traditions of rank, privilege, and authority Note how such characteristics were prominent among the causes of the American Revolution, 170 years later, and how those same characteristics win popular praise today. It is also notable that the American environment and its great distance from Europe prohibited the easy transfer to America of England’s a. feudal class structure; b. widespread belief in the worth of a noble class and an idle gentry; c. upper-class contempt for those in â€Å"trade† or whose jobs required hard, physical labor; d. high valuation of the contemplative, intellectual life; Customs of labor, farming, law, and political organization. The travel literature of the 16th and 17th centuries commonly reported incidents in which New World savages were awestruck by examples of European science and technology. When Powhatan’s followers captured Smith, in December 1607, he was first exhibited before neighboring tribes. Smith’s description of events permits the conclusion that the Indians displayed him as a great trophy because he was a noble warrior (for his brave resistance) and a mighty wizard (for his tricks with a compass). Perhaps a better reason for the exhibition before local sub-tribes and their chiefs was revealed in 1845 when a manuscript letter (written in 1608) by Edward Maria Wingfield, former President of the Colony (and Smith’s enemy), was discovered and published. Wingfield wrote: having him prisoner, [they] carried him to [their] neighbors to see if any of them knew him for one of those which had been, some two or three years before us, in a river amongst them northward and [had] taken away some Indians from them by force. At last [they] brought him to the great Powhatan (of whom before we had no knowledge) who sent him home to our town the 8th of January [1608]. Pocahontas’s formal, tribal name was â€Å"Matoaka. † The nickname â€Å"Pocahontas† (meaning â€Å"playfulone†) was given to her by her father, Powhatan. Such nicknames were common among the Native peoples in Virginia. Powhatan himself had the tribal name of â€Å"Wahunsonacock,† the name â€Å"Powhatan† later takenfrom the name of the region in which he ruled. At the time of their adventure, Smith was 28 and Pocahontas 12 or 13. She died in 1617 while on a visit to England, well before any detailed description of her rescue of Smith was published. It is not known whether Smith saw Pocahontas while she was in England, and little is known of her true character. In his History of Travel into Virginia Britannia (1612), William Strachey described Pocahontas as: a well featured but wanton young girl, Powhatan’s daughter, [who], sometimes resorting to our fort, of the age then of 11 or 12 years, [would] get the boys forth with her into the market place and made them [cart]wheel, falling on their hands turning their heels upwards, whom she would follow, and [cart]wheel so herself, naked as she was, all the fort over. It is interesting to consider what qualities in Strachey’s â€Å"wanton young girl† and Smith’s savior helped make her the first heroine of American myth and folklore. Some points to note: a. Pocahontas’s similarity to ancient mythic heroines, daughters of kings who protect a heroic stranger renounce their native lands and people, yet fail to marry the hero—heroines . b. the similarity of Pocahontas’s experiences to those told in the various medieval romances c. Pocahontas’s similarity to historical American Indian heroines, such as Sacagawea (who served as guide and interpreter for Lewis and Clark) and Malinche (interpreter for Cortes in his conquest of the Aztecs) d. Pocahontas’s early appearance in literature, first referred to in Ben Jonson’s play Staple of News (1625) and then the subject of later works, such as (1) The Female American (1767), a novel published in London and described as â€Å"a second Robinson Crusoe†, and (2) The Indian Princess (1808), an American play, the first of many Pocahontas dramas, and the first of the vastly popular â€Å"Indian Plays† of the nineteenth-century American stage.

Ile Ife (Nigeria) History and Archaeology

Ile Ife (Nigeria) History and Archaeology Ile-Ife (pronounced EE-lay EE-fay), and known as Ife or Ife-Lodun is an ancient urban center, a Yoruba city in Osun state in southwestern Nigeria, about 135 northeast of Lagos. First occupied at least as early as the 1st millennium CE, it was most populous and important to the Ife culture during the 14th and 15th centuries CE, and it is considered the traditional birthplace of the Yoruba civilization, of the latter part of the African Iron Age. Today it is a thriving metropolis, with a population of about 350,000 people. Key Takeaways: Ile-Ife Ile-Ife is a Medieval period site in Nigeria, occupied between the 11th and 15th centuries CE.  It is considered the ancestral home of the Yoruba people.  Residents made naturalistic Benin bronzes, terracotta and copper allow sculptures.  Evidence at the site shows local manufacture of  glass beads, adobe brick houses, and potsherd pavements.   Prehistoric Chronology Pre-Classical (also known as Pre-Pavement), ?–11th centuriesClassical (Pavement), 12th–15th centuriesPost-Classic (Post-Pavement), 15th–17th centuries During its heyday of the 12th–15th centuries CE, Ile-Ife experienced a fluorescence in bronze and iron arts. Beautiful naturalistic terracotta and copper alloy sculptures made during the early periods have been found at Ife; later sculptures are of the lost-wax brass technique known as Benin bronzes. The bronzes are thought to represent rulers, priests, and other notable people during the citys florescence as a regional power. It was also during Classic period Ile Ife that construction of decorative pavements, open-air courtyards paved with pottery sherds. The sherds were set on edge, sometimes in decorative patterns, such as herringbone with embedded ritual pots. The pavements are unique to the Yoruba and believed to have been first commissioned by Ile-Ifes only female king. The Ife period buildings at Ile-Ife were constructed primarily of sun-dried adobe brick and so only a few remnants have survived. During the medieval period, two earthen rampart walls were erected around the city center, making Ile-Ife what archaeologists call a fortified settlement. The royal center had a circumference of about 2.5 miles, and its inner-most wall encircles an area of some three square miles. A second medieval period wall encircles an area of some five sq mi; both medieval walls are ~15 feet tall and 6.5 ft thick. Glass Works In 2010, excavations were undertaken in the northeastern part of the site by Abidemi Babatunde Babalola and colleagues who identified evidence that Ile Ife was making glass beads for its own consumption and for trade. The city had long been associated with glass processing and glass beads, but the excavations recovered almost 13,000 glass beads and several pounds of glassworking debris. The beads here have a unique chemical makeup, of contrasting levels of soda and potassium and high levels of alumina. The beads were made by drawing a long tube of glass and cutting it into lengths, mostly under two-tenths of an inch. Most of the finished beads were cylinders or oblates, the rest are tubes. Bead colors are primarily blue or blue-green, with a smaller percentage of colorless, green, yellow, or multicolored. A few are opaque, in yellow, dark red or dark gray. Bead-making manufacturing is indicated by pounds of glass waste and cullet, 14,000 potsherds. and fragments of several pottery crucibles. The vitrified ceramic crucibles are between 6 and 13 inches tall, with a mouth diameter of between 3–4 inches, which would have held between 5-40 pounds of molten glass.   The production site was used between the 11th and 15th centuries and represents rare evidence of early West African crafts. Archaeology at Ile-Ife Excavations at Ile Ife have been conducted by F. Willett, E. Ekpo and P.S. Garlake. Historical records also exist and have been used to study migration patterns of the Yoruba civilization. Sources and Further Information Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde, et al. Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads from Igbo Olokun, Ile-Ife (Sw Nigeria): New Light on Raw Materials, Production, and Interregional Interactions. Journal of Archaeological Science 90 (2018): 92–105. Print.Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde, et al. Ile-Ife and Igbo Olokun in the History of Glass in West Africa. Antiquity 91.357 (2017): 732–50. Print.Ige, O.A., B.A. Ogunfolakana, and E.O.B.  Ajayi. Chemical Characterization of Some Potsherd Pavements from Parts of Yorubaland in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Archaeological Science 36.1 (2009): 90–99. Print.Ige, O.A., and Samuel E.  Swanson. Provenance Studies of Esie Sculptural Soapstone from Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Archaeological Science 35.6 (2008): 1553–65. Print.Obayemi, Ade M. Between Nok, Ile-Ife and Benin: Progress Report and Prospects. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 10.3 (1980): 79–94. Print.Ogundiran, Akinwumi. Four Millennia of Cultura l History in Nigeria (Ca. 2000 B.C.–A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives. Journal of World Prehistory 19.2 (2005): 133–68. Print. Olupona, Jacob K. City of 201 Gods: Ilà ©-Ife in Time, Space, and the Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. 223-241.Usman, Aribidesi A. On the Frontier of Empire: Understanding the Enclosed Walls in Northern Yoruba, Nigeria. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23 (2004): 119–32. Print.

Describe your understanding of student centred learning and how your Essay

Describe your understanding of student centred learning and how your skills development at university can improve your curriculu - Essay Example 1). To direct the path towards the accomplishment of this mission, CCCU envisioned â€Å"provide a comprehensive range of corporate information services that meet the current and future needs of the CCCU community. These services will combine well understood and definitive sources of corporate information, powerful reporting tools, specific applications and integration and automation platforms to form a corporate information â€Å"engine† driving a multitude of business processes† (CCCU: Vision, 2009, pars. 1 & 2). Concurrent with the university’s mission and vision, my understanding of their holistic and multidimensional approach in teaching is supportive of the student centered learning approach. O’Neill and McMahon (2005) cited Kember (1997) as defining student centered learning as â€Å"knowledge is constructed by students and that the lecturer is a facilitator of learning rather than a presenter of information† (p. 255). A precondition to this approach was qualified by Rogers  (1983, p. 188) who averred that â€Å"... ... learning approach by specifically and explicitly stating the aims, learning outcomes, and the module programmes, in conjunction with an identified module leader and seminar tutors. The module programmes are structured in a clear and well designed manner that indicates schedules in week number, dates, topics and required readings. By providing the overall theoretical framework, module leaders envision to provide directions and guidelines towards structured presentation of topics that could be absorbed and understood at the given time frame. As student learning gives opportunities for students to enhance learning skills at their own discretion, under the governance and guidance of mentors and tutors, students must become aware that the scope and depth of learning depends on their personal commitment for personal and professional growth. In this regard, to expand my personal understanding of student centered learning, I gained the following inputs to be shared in this discourse, to wit: Lea et  al.  (2003, p.322) â€Å"summarises some of the literature on student-centred learning to include the followings tenets: (1) the reliance on active rather than passive learning; (2) an emphasis on deep learning and understanding; (3) increased responsibility and accountability on the part of the student; (4) an increased sense of autonomy in the learner; (5) an interdependence between teacher and learner; (6) mutual respect within the learner teacher relationship; and (7) and a reflexive approach to the teaching and learning process on the part of both teacher and learner† (cited by O’Neill & McMahon, 2005). The increased proactive stance, responsibility and accountability placed in the hands of the students differentiate this approach from the traditional teacher centered

Editting in Run Lola Run (Tom Tykwer, 1998) Essay

Editting in Run Lola Run (Tom Tykwer, 1998) - Essay Example The film editing of â€Å"Run Lola Run† is a very unique one because it incorporates fast paced action with equally pulsating type of music, especially in those scenes where Lola had to run very fast to be able to beat the deadline that was given to her boyfriend, who was poised to rob a bank as a last resort. The story, which unfolded in such a way as to have 3 possible outcomes, was edited in a manner that would show the pressure building up for Lola and Manni with each tick of the clock, and the potential difference every moment creates to generate varied solutions to a single problem. At the initial part of the movie, black and white scenes were used to show flashbacks or past occurrences which somehow made a great bearing on the present situation Lola and Manni were in. Medium shots of Lola holding a red telephone at home, and Manni in a phone booth somewhere in town, were used to orient the viewer and to set the mood for the story. Later on, when the dialogues were getting intense, the shots used were in close-up to show the emotions of desperation and helplessness on the part of Manni, and the determination and firm resolve to find a solution on the part of Lola. Lola’s running scenes were combined with animated scenes as if she were part of a video game. Different shooting techniques, – like fade in/out, zoom in/out, still shots – varied camera angles and shots were utilized. There were also continuity shots made, and close-ups were played-up in the emotional scenes between Lola’s father and his mistress, the confrontation scene between Lola and her father among others. Slow motion cuts were also used to add emphasis in some scenes. Snapshots of the various personalities Lola meets on her way to meet Manni were also included to add more sub-plots which added to the overall impact of the story. One of the most distinctive editing features of this film is the use of split screens for the most essential scenes. An example of such scene

Photography

Photography Using a broad range of critical, satirical, and photographic texts, assess the cultural reception of photography in the mid nineteenth century. To answer this question fully, there must be a clear knowledge of the culture/society which birthed photography. The mid nineteenth century was a time of great technological advancement (most prominently industrial technologies) that bought with it significant cultural and social change. It is well known that photography was both embraced, but also regarded with some scepticism as to its overall purpose and usefulness in the early Victorian era. Julia F Munro (2009 pg.167) states It is now widely accepted that photography wasnt truly discovered until 1839, as it was then that Daguerre and Fox Talbot made their discoveries of early photographic processes, the daguerreotype and calotype respectively, and shared them with the world. Goldberg (1991) agrees that it was much earlier when people began to realise a need and take interest in using light as a way of taking pictures, preserving a moment accurately and mechanically. Goldberg (1991 pg.10) goes on to state that desire was abroad to catch nature in a net. Indeed as early as the late eighteenth century, devices such as the camera obscura (optical device used mainly to aid drawing) and camera lucida (a piece of technology which allowed artists the ability to precisely record contours of landscape) were rife, and captured the eye of professional and amateur artists alike. Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877), sometimes referred to as the Grandfather of Photography, was one of many people searching for an answer to the void that existed before the conception of photography, and was most interested in its ability to record nature accurately, and pursued his development of the calotype photographic process mainly as a result of his poor ability as an artist. Talbot states is his manual The Pencil of Nature (1844) that his photography should be thought of as photogenic drawing. Talbots earliest photograph, Latticed Window although very poor quality and taken during his early experiments utilising an adapted the camera obscura, highlights his intentions as a keen scientist and mathematician to take mechanically accurate pictures. It is merely an accurate recording, a latticed window on a bright day, it serves very little artistic purpose, and is mainly a triumph of technical accuracy. Photography came to serve a much needed purpose, one that had been recognised much earlier that its first conception. Although Daguerre/Fox Talbots Victorian audience were generally a receptive and willing one, indeed ready to embrace a new and exciting technology, but they also engaged in much critical debate regarding the cultural, ethical and social impact regarding the emergence of photography. Wells (2004 p.12) states that hailed as a great technological invention, photography immediately became the subject of debates concerning its aesthetic status and social uses , Henisch (1994 pg.2) agrees stating intense controversies raged concerning its status and role. The debates related to art or technology is one still fought today, and ones which roots can obviously be found in the very early years of photography. The famous quote by Paul Delaroche (1797-1859) upon first seeing a daguerreotype photograph, from this day painting is dead, whilst an overt exaggeration, highlights a genuine fear felt by artists (especially portrait) during infantile years of photography. The daguerreotype Although accepted for its ability to record mechanically accurate images that are free of discrimination, photographys status as an art form was much less certain, and fiercely contested. Can photography be considered artistic? Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), a French Poet artist, was a well known and very vocal critic of early photography: If photography is allowed to deputize for art, it will not be long before it has supplanted or corrupted art altogether (Baudelaire 1859 pg.297) Baudelaire suggest photography simply should not and could not supplant more traditional artistic methods. Its ability as To answer this question fully, there must be a clear knowledge of the culture/society which birthed photography. The mid nineteenth century was a time of great technological advancement (most prominently industrial technologies) that bought with it significant cultural and social change. Whilst these advancements were the cause of change, Well (2004) states a society will also invest and put time into developing new technologies in order to help satisfy previously unseen social needs. Wells (2004 pg. 12) summarises, photography was a consequence, and not a cause of culture. It was not a cause of change, but an answer to an unforeseen social need brought about by the fast evolving, and ever changing modern metropolitan lifestyle. Bibliography WELLZ, L. 2004. Photography: A critical introduction. Oxford: Routledge. CLARKE, G. 1997. The Photograph. Oxford: Oxford University Press. BAUDELAIRE, C. 1859. The Salon of 1859. Unknown. BRIGGS, A. 1998. A Victorian Portrait. London: Cassell Publishers Limited. GOLDBERG, V. 1991. The Power of Photography: How photographs changed our lives. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group. GREEN-LEWIS, J. 1996. Framing the Victorians. New York: Cornell University Press. HEINZ, K. 1994. The Photographic Experience 1839-1914. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. MARIEN, M. 1997. Photography and its Critics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MUNRO, J. F. July 2009 The Optical Stranger: Photographic anxieties in British periodical literature of the 1840s and 1850s. Journal of early popular visual culture 7(2) pp167-183.